A complete organ that is
moved from its natural site to a new one, either inside the same person or in a
different person. Both words imply that graft
or transplant success will result in an organism that is robust and flourishing
and takes nutrition from its new environment.
Transplantation medicine
is one of the most challenging and complex subspecialties of contemporary
medicine. Organ
rejection, which happens when the recipient's body produces an
immune reaction to the transplanted organ, is one of the most crucial areas for
medical care. Organ rejection can lead to transplant
failure and the obligation to remove the organ from the recipient immediately.
In order to replace a
damaged or missing organ, a recipient's body will receive an organ from the
donor body during an organ
transplantation surgery. It is possible for the donor and
recipient to be in the same place, or organs may need to be moved from the
donor site to the recipient site. Autografts
are defined as organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the body of
the same individual. Allografts are recent transplants carried out between two
members of the same species. Allografts
can come from either cadaveric or live sources.
Successful organ
transplants have been performed on the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas,
intestine, thymus, and uterine. Tissues include cornea, skin, heart valves,
nerves, and veins (both of which are referred to as musculoskeletal
grafts).
General
surgery treats gastrointestinal issues involving the
oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder,
appendix, bile ducts, and, in some cases, the thyroid gland. They also treat
with injuries, hernias, peripheral artery disease, skin, soft tissue, and
breast issues. They also carry out endoscopic
operations like colonoscopies and gastroscopies.
The goal of cardiothoracic
surgery is to treat diseases of the heart, lungs, and other
pleural or mediastinal structures that affect the organs that are housed within
the thoracic cavity by surgery.
Typically, cardiac
surgery (which deals with the heart and great vessels) and
thoracic surgery are additional divisions of cardiothoracic surgery (involving
the lungs, esophagus, thymus, etc.). Cardiothoracic surgeons perform surgery
on disorders that affect the skeletal and connective tissues that make up the
chest cavity as well as the internal organs of the chest.
The surgical treatment of
disorders affecting any portion of the nervous system, including the brain,
spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system, is the focus of the medical
speciality of neurosurgery, which is frequently referred to as neurological
surgery or brain
surgery in popular usage.
serious mental illness is
treated or relieved using a subspecialty of neurosurgery.
It seeks to change the patient's psychological makeup through affecting brain
function.
The fields of facial
reconstruction, facial
trauma surgery, oral surgery, head and neck surgery, jaw
surgery, facial aesthetic surgery, including cleft lip and
cleft palate repair, and facial
plastic surgery fall under the umbrella of the surgical
speciality known as oral and maxillofacial
surgery.
Oral and maxillofacial
surgery is a branch of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, surgical
treatment, and additional care of diseases, traumas, and deformities that
impact the hard and soft tissues of the mouth and maxillofacial region on a
functional and aesthetically.
Orthopedic
surgery, sometimes known as orthopaedics, is the branch of surgery
that deals with musculoskeletal problems. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical
and nonsurgical methods to treat musculoskeletal damage, spinal ailments,
sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, malignancies, and
congenital issues.
Orthopedic surgery
corrects problems that arise in the skeleton's ligaments, tendons, and
connectors. Additionally, it might help with some nervous system problems, such
as those brought on by spinal
injury. These problems could arise as a result of birth,
injury, or ageing. They could occur gradually over time, like many age-related
problems, or suddenly, like an injury.
Injuries, infections, and
other ailments that may affect the hand or upper extremity are all treated
through hand
surgery (usually from the tip of the hand to the shoulder).
Hand surgery can be practised by general surgery, orthopaedic surgery, and
plastic surgery graduates. Chiroplasty or cheiroplasty is the name for hand plastic
surgery.
Hand surgeons perform a
wide range of operations, including fracture repairs, releases, transfers, and
tendon repairs in addition to reconstructing injuries, rheumatoid deformities,
and congenital anomalies. In addition to reattaching amputated fingers and
limbs, they also do microsurgical repair of soft tissues and bone, nerve
rebuilding, and surgery
to improve function in paralysed upper limbs.
In order to treat
diseases of the vascular system, which includes the arteries, veins, and
lymphatic circulation, the surgical specialty of "vascular
surgery" uses medication therapy, minimally invasive
catheter procedures, and surgical reconstruction. The other significant and
essential veins and arteries of the body are now treated in this branch of surgery,
which evolved from general and cardiac
surgery. Endovascular and open surgical approaches are both
used to treat vascular diseases.
The scope of the vascular
surgeon's training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the
entire vascular system excludes the cerebral vasculature and coronaries. In
order to manage acute vascular injury, control of bleeding, and safe exposure
of vascular structures, vascular surgeons commonly collaborate with other
medical specialists.
Surgery, focuses on
conditions affecting the urinary tract and reproductive organs. Among the
organs covered by the discipline of urology
are the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urine bladder, urethra, and male
reproductive systems (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles,
prostate, and penis).
Due to their
interdependence, issues with either the urinary or reproductive tracts
typically affect the other. Thus, genitourinary disorders encompass a broad
range of illnesses that are managed in urology. Congenital defects, traumatic
damage, stress incontinence, kidney stones, bladder or prostate cancer, and
other surgery
conditions are treated in urology alongside medical conditions such benign
prostatic hyperplasia and urinary tract infections.
Pediatric
surgery is a subspecialty of surgery that focuses on
operating on foetuses, neonates, kids, teenagers, and young adults. Children
with congenital and acquired anomalies and disorders, regardless of whether
they are traumatic, inflammatory, neoplastic, or developmental in cause, are
diagnosed, treated, and recover following surgery.
The surgical problems
that occur throughout pregnancy, delivery, childhood, adolescence, and
occasionally early adulthood would receive special attention in this specialty.
There are a number of conditions that would call for continuing involvement of
the paediatric surgeon as the patient moves to adult surgeons and providers.
The surgical subspecialty
of otolaryngology
focuses on the medical and surgical treatment of head and neck issues. The
titles of doctors who specialise in this area include otorhinolaryngologists,
otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons or physicians. Patients
with disorders affecting the ear, nose, throat, base of the skull, head, and
neck are treated by otorhinolaryngologists.
They typically include
ailments that affect the senses and abilities of eating, drinking, speaking,
breathing, swallowing, and hearing. The surgical care and treatment of
malignancies and benign tumours of the head and neck are also included in ENT
surgery, as well as plastic surgery of the face and neck.
Eye surgery, often known
as ophthalmic or ocular
surgery, is an operation performed on the eye or its adnexa
by an ophthalmologist. Eye surgery and ophthalmology
are synonymous terms. Extra care must be given before, during, and after
surgery because the eye is a very delicate organ in order to lessen or prevent
further damage. An experienced eye surgeon will advise on the best surgical
procedure for the patient as well as the necessary safety precautions.
Surgical ophthalmologists
are ophthalmologists who perform microsurgical intraocular treatments like
cataract extraction surgery or retinal detachment repair surgery.
The focus of the surgical
specialty known as craniofacial surgery is deformities of the head, skull,
face, neck, jaws, and associated tissues that are congenital or acquired.
Although bone manipulation is frequently a component of craniofacial treatment,
craniofacial
surgery works with bone, skin, nerve, muscle, teeth, and
other associated anatomy.
Apert's syndrome,
Crouzon's syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome, isolated and syndromic
craniosynostosis, unusual craniofacial clefts, cleft
lip
and palate, micrognathia, numerous congenital ear abnormalities, microtia, and
many more are among the ailments that craniofacial surgeons frequently treat.
Colorectal
surgery is a branch of medicine that specialises in treating
conditions involving the colon, anus, and rectum. The discipline is sometimes
known as proctology; however, this term is no longer frequently used in
medicine and is now more frequently used to describe operations that explicitly
target the anus and rectum.
The risk of morbidity and
mortality is higher in colorectal surgery compared to other general surgery
subspecialties.
Endocrine
surgery is the surgical management of endocrine diseases.
Endocrinologists and endocrine surgeons typically work closely together to
provide patients with endocrine problems with the best care available.
The term "thyroidectomy"
refers to surgeries that include completely or partially removing the thyroid
gland (lobectomy
or hemithyroidectomy). Despite the fact that they are uncommon, the majority of
surgeons dislike doing incomplete resections (sub-total or practically entire
thyroidectomy).
Any surgical procedure
involving the uterus, ovaries, cervix, fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva as
well as the other female pelvic
organs and tissues is referred to as gynaecology
surgery.
There are several reasons
why a woman can need gynaecological surgery. She might need medical treatment
if she has endometriosis, fibroids (benign tumours), ovarian cysts, cancer,
chronic pelvic pain, pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine prolapse, or
irregular bleeding. Gynecology surgery is another option for long-term birth
control.
Surgical
oncology is the branch of oncology that applies surgery,
and it focuses on the surgical management of malignancies, especially malignant
tumours.
As one of several
modalities in the care of cancer, the area of surgical oncology has evolved in
stages comparable to those of medical oncology, which came from haematology,
and radiation oncology, which emerged from radiology. The Ewing Society, now
known as the Society of Surgical Oncology, was created by surgical oncologists
who wished to promote the field of oncology.
The popularity of the
discipline will increase due to the expansion of cancer treatment facilities
and improvements in neoadjuvant therapy, palliative
care,
and minimally invasive surgery.
The surgical subspecialty
known as plastic
surgery is concerned with restoring, reconstructing, or
modifying the human body. Reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery are the
two main subcategories. Reconstructive surgery also includes craniofacial
surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery,
and burn therapy.
Reconstructive surgery
attempts to restore a physical part or improve its usefulness, in contrast to
cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery,
which concentrates on improving one's appearance.
A unique area of medicine
called cosmetic
surgery makes use of both surgical and pharmaceutical
techniques to enhance appearance. Cosmetic surgery can be performed on any area
of the body, including the head, neck, and face. Because the regions treated
lack aesthetic appeal but still perform as intended, cosmetic surgery
is optional.
Cosmetic surgery is an
optional or elective procedure carried out on healthy body parts with the
express purpose of improving one's appearance and/or removing signs of ageing.
Trauma
surgery is a subspecialty of surgery that focuses on using
both surgical and non-surgical techniques to treat severe injuries, typically
in an emergency setting. Trauma surgery is a common specialty for general
surgeons who have completed fellowship training in surgery critical
care or trauma.
The trauma surgeon must
revive and stabilise the patient before evaluating and treating them. The
attending trauma surgeon is in charge of the trauma team, which at teaching
hospitals frequently consists of nurses, support staff, and resident
physicians.
Any surgical procedure
performed on your teeth, gums, jaws, or other oral structures is referred to as
"Dental
surgery." This includes jaw surgeries, implants, gum
grafts, and extractions. Oral surgery is normally carried
out by a periodontist or an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. These experts are
dental specialists who have had extensive training in oral surgery methods.
Tooth extractions,
periodontal (gum) grafts, dental bone grafts, and corrective jaw
surgery are only a few of the numerous procedures it covers.