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A complete organ that is moved from its natural site to a new one, either inside the same person or in a different person. Both words imply that graft or transplant success will result in an organism that is robust and flourishing and takes nutrition from its new environment.
Transplantation medicine is one of the most challenging and complex subspecialties of contemporary medicine. Organ rejection, which happens when the recipient's body produces an immune reaction to the transplanted organ, is one of the most crucial areas for medical care. Organ rejection can lead to transplant failure and the obligation to remove the organ from the recipient immediately.
In order to replace a damaged or missing organ, a recipient's body will receive an organ from the donor body during an organ transplantation surgery. It is possible for the donor and recipient to be in the same place, or organs may need to be moved from the donor site to the recipient site. Autografts are defined as organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the body of the same individual. Allografts are recent transplants carried out between two members of the same species. Allografts can come from either cadaveric or live sources.
Successful organ transplants have been performed on the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, thymus, and uterine. Tissues include cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves, and veins (both of which are referred to as musculoskeletal grafts).
General surgery treats gastrointestinal issues involving the oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, appendix, bile ducts, and, in some cases, the thyroid gland. They also treat with injuries, hernias, peripheral artery disease, skin, soft tissue, and breast issues. They also carry out endoscopic operations like colonoscopies and gastroscopies.
The goal of cardiothoracic surgery is to treat diseases of the heart, lungs, and other pleural or mediastinal structures that affect the organs that are housed within the thoracic cavity by surgery.
Typically, cardiac surgery (which deals with the heart and great vessels) and thoracic surgery are additional divisions of cardiothoracic surgery (involving the lungs, esophagus, thymus, etc.). Cardiothoracic surgeons perform surgery on disorders that affect the skeletal and connective tissues that make up the chest cavity as well as the internal organs of the chest.
The surgical treatment of disorders affecting any portion of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system, is the focus of the medical speciality of neurosurgery, which is frequently referred to as neurological surgery or brain surgery in popular usage.
serious mental illness is treated or relieved using a subspecialty of neurosurgery. It seeks to change the patient's psychological makeup through affecting brain function.
The fields of facial reconstruction, facial trauma surgery, oral surgery, head and neck surgery, jaw surgery, facial aesthetic surgery, including cleft lip and cleft palate repair, and facial plastic surgery fall under the umbrella of the surgical speciality known as oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a branch of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, surgical treatment, and additional care of diseases, traumas, and deformities that impact the hard and soft tissues of the mouth and maxillofacial region on a functional and aesthetically.
Orthopedic surgery, sometimes known as orthopaedics, is the branch of surgery that deals with musculoskeletal problems. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical methods to treat musculoskeletal damage, spinal ailments, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, malignancies, and congenital issues.
Orthopedic surgery corrects problems that arise in the skeleton's ligaments, tendons, and connectors. Additionally, it might help with some nervous system problems, such as those brought on by spinal injury. These problems could arise as a result of birth, injury, or ageing. They could occur gradually over time, like many age-related problems, or suddenly, like an injury.
Injuries, infections, and other ailments that may affect the hand or upper extremity are all treated through hand surgery (usually from the tip of the hand to the shoulder). Hand surgery can be practised by general surgery, orthopaedic surgery, and plastic surgery graduates. Chiroplasty or cheiroplasty is the name for hand plastic surgery.
Hand surgeons perform a wide range of operations, including fracture repairs, releases, transfers, and tendon repairs in addition to reconstructing injuries, rheumatoid deformities, and congenital anomalies. In addition to reattaching amputated fingers and limbs, they also do microsurgical repair of soft tissues and bone, nerve rebuilding, and surgery to improve function in paralysed upper limbs.
In order to treat diseases of the vascular system, which includes the arteries, veins, and lymphatic circulation, the surgical specialty of "vascular surgery" uses medication therapy, minimally invasive catheter procedures, and surgical reconstruction. The other significant and essential veins and arteries of the body are now treated in this branch of surgery, which evolved from general and cardiac surgery. Endovascular and open surgical approaches are both used to treat vascular diseases.
The scope of the vascular surgeon's training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the entire vascular system excludes the cerebral vasculature and coronaries. In order to manage acute vascular injury, control of bleeding, and safe exposure of vascular structures, vascular surgeons commonly collaborate with other medical specialists.
Surgery, focuses on conditions affecting the urinary tract and reproductive organs. Among the organs covered by the discipline of urology are the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urine bladder, urethra, and male reproductive systems (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis).
Due to their interdependence, issues with either the urinary or reproductive tracts typically affect the other. Thus, genitourinary disorders encompass a broad range of illnesses that are managed in urology. Congenital defects, traumatic damage, stress incontinence, kidney stones, bladder or prostate cancer, and other surgery conditions are treated in urology alongside medical conditions such benign prostatic hyperplasia and urinary tract infections.
Pediatric surgery is a subspecialty of surgery that focuses on operating on foetuses, neonates, kids, teenagers, and young adults. Children with congenital and acquired anomalies and disorders, regardless of whether they are traumatic, inflammatory, neoplastic, or developmental in cause, are diagnosed, treated, and recover following surgery.
The surgical problems that occur throughout pregnancy, delivery, childhood, adolescence, and occasionally early adulthood would receive special attention in this specialty. There are a number of conditions that would call for continuing involvement of the paediatric surgeon as the patient moves to adult surgeons and providers.
The surgical subspecialty of otolaryngology focuses on the medical and surgical treatment of head and neck issues. The titles of doctors who specialise in this area include otorhinolaryngologists, otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons or physicians. Patients with disorders affecting the ear, nose, throat, base of the skull, head, and neck are treated by otorhinolaryngologists.
They typically include ailments that affect the senses and abilities of eating, drinking, speaking, breathing, swallowing, and hearing. The surgical care and treatment of malignancies and benign tumours of the head and neck are also included in ENT surgery, as well as plastic surgery of the face and neck.
Eye surgery, often known as ophthalmic or ocular surgery, is an operation performed on the eye or its adnexa by an ophthalmologist. Eye surgery and ophthalmology are synonymous terms. Extra care must be given before, during, and after surgery because the eye is a very delicate organ in order to lessen or prevent further damage. An experienced eye surgeon will advise on the best surgical procedure for the patient as well as the necessary safety precautions.
Surgical ophthalmologists are ophthalmologists who perform microsurgical intraocular treatments like cataract extraction surgery or retinal detachment repair surgery.
The focus of the surgical specialty known as craniofacial surgery is deformities of the head, skull, face, neck, jaws, and associated tissues that are congenital or acquired. Although bone manipulation is frequently a component of craniofacial treatment, craniofacial surgery works with bone, skin, nerve, muscle, teeth, and other associated anatomy.
Apert's syndrome, Crouzon's syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome, isolated and syndromic craniosynostosis, unusual craniofacial clefts, cleft lip and palate, micrognathia, numerous congenital ear abnormalities, microtia, and many more are among the ailments that craniofacial surgeons frequently treat.
Colorectal surgery is a branch of medicine that specialises in treating conditions involving the colon, anus, and rectum. The discipline is sometimes known as proctology; however, this term is no longer frequently used in medicine and is now more frequently used to describe operations that explicitly target the anus and rectum.
The risk of morbidity and mortality is higher in colorectal surgery compared to other general surgery subspecialties.
Endocrine surgery is the surgical management of endocrine diseases. Endocrinologists and endocrine surgeons typically work closely together to provide patients with endocrine problems with the best care available.
The term "thyroidectomy" refers to surgeries that include completely or partially removing the thyroid gland (lobectomy or hemithyroidectomy). Despite the fact that they are uncommon, the majority of surgeons dislike doing incomplete resections (sub-total or practically entire thyroidectomy).
Any surgical procedure involving the uterus, ovaries, cervix, fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva as well as the other female pelvic organs and tissues is referred to as gynaecology surgery.
There are several reasons why a woman can need gynaecological surgery. She might need medical treatment if she has endometriosis, fibroids (benign tumours), ovarian cysts, cancer, chronic pelvic pain, pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine prolapse, or irregular bleeding. Gynecology surgery is another option for long-term birth control.
Surgical oncology is the branch of oncology that applies surgery, and it focuses on the surgical management of malignancies, especially malignant tumours.
As one of several modalities in the care of cancer, the area of surgical oncology has evolved in stages comparable to those of medical oncology, which came from haematology, and radiation oncology, which emerged from radiology. The Ewing Society, now known as the Society of Surgical Oncology, was created by surgical oncologists who wished to promote the field of oncology.
The popularity of the discipline will increase due to the expansion of cancer treatment facilities and improvements in neoadjuvant therapy, palliative care, and minimally invasive surgery.
The surgical subspecialty known as plastic surgery is concerned with restoring, reconstructing, or modifying the human body. Reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery are the two main subcategories. Reconstructive surgery also includes craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and burn therapy.
Reconstructive surgery attempts to restore a physical part or improve its usefulness, in contrast to cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery, which concentrates on improving one's appearance.
A unique area of medicine called cosmetic surgery makes use of both surgical and pharmaceutical techniques to enhance appearance. Cosmetic surgery can be performed on any area of the body, including the head, neck, and face. Because the regions treated lack aesthetic appeal but still perform as intended, cosmetic surgery is optional.
Cosmetic surgery is an optional or elective procedure carried out on healthy body parts with the express purpose of improving one's appearance and/or removing signs of ageing.
Trauma surgery is a subspecialty of surgery that focuses on using both surgical and non-surgical techniques to treat severe injuries, typically in an emergency setting. Trauma surgery is a common specialty for general surgeons who have completed fellowship training in surgery critical care or trauma.
The trauma surgeon must revive and stabilise the patient before evaluating and treating them. The attending trauma surgeon is in charge of the trauma team, which at teaching hospitals frequently consists of nurses, support staff, and resident physicians.
Any surgical procedure performed on your teeth, gums, jaws, or other oral structures is referred to as "Dental surgery." This includes jaw surgeries, implants, gum grafts, and extractions. Oral surgery is normally carried out by a periodontist or an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. These experts are dental specialists who have had extensive training in oral surgery methods.
Tooth extractions, periodontal (gum) grafts, dental bone grafts, and corrective jaw surgery are only a few of the numerous procedures it covers.
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